"Bio kömür" kavramı bilimsel literatürde ilk olarak Amerikan Kimya Derneği Ulusal Meclisi'nin çalışmalarında ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu kelime "bio" (biokütle) ve "semi-coke" (kömür) kelimelerinin birleşiminden oluşuyordu. Bu çalışmada tanımlanan biyokömür, sorgum tanesi tohumlarından "üçlü ters yakma ChemChar" işlemi kullanılarak elde edilmiştir.
Biyokömür yüksek karbon içeriğine ve ince taneli bir dokuya sahiptir. Şu anda piroliz süreçleri kullanılarak üretilmektedir. Piroliz, biyokütlenin oksijen yokluğunda ısıl işleme tabi tutulması ve böylece yanmasının önlenmesidir. İşlem sonucunda şu maddelerin bir karışımı elde edilir: biyokömürün kendisi, biyo-yağ ve sentez gazı.
Bu piroliz ürünlerinin spesifik verim oranı doğrudan prosesin kendi koşullarına bağlıdır: sıcaklık koşulları, kalma süresi ve ısıtma hızı. Bu parametreler belirli bir ürün elde etmek için optimize edilebilir. Yarı kok üretimi için 400 ila 500 °C (673-773 K) arasındaki sıcaklıklar kullanılır. 700°C'nin (973 K) üzerindeki sıcaklıklar sıvı ve gaz bileşenlerin açığa çıkmasını destekler.
Daha yüksek sıcaklıklarda piroliz süreci çok hızlıdır. Sonuç olarak, kural olarak, %60 biyo-yağ, %20 biyo-kömür ve %20 sentez gazı elde ederiz. Yavaş piroliz, yani daha düşük sıcaklıkların kullanılması, daha yüksek oranda yarı koka (~% 35) yol açar. Bu, toprak verimliliğini artırmak için kullanılabilir (terra Preta).
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